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First of all, I spend far too much time thinking about dial rules.

For those who don't know, a trunk prefix is a number (or numbers) that typically has to be dialled prior to dialling a phone number within the subscriber's country, but outside the subscriber's home area code.  The trunk prefix is a way to signal the telephone network that the dialed number is a long-distance or national-level call.

For example, the trunk prefix for UK national calls is 0.  If I were sitting in Liverpool and wanted to dial someone in London, I would have to dial 0, then the area code for London (20), then the subscriber phone number (say 3456 7890).  For example, 02034567890.

Not every country uses a trunk prefix, but those that do generally use 0 as a trunk prefix. The actual national trunk prefix usage breakdown (based on my research) is below:

• 101 countries don't use a trunk prefix at all
• 95 countries use 0
• 26 countries use 1 (these are countries that are part of NANPA, like US/Canada and many Caribbean countries)
• Russia and 5 other former USSR states use 8
• Mexico uses 01
• Hungary uses 06

NANPA countries are unique in that the country code 1 is also used as a sort of trunk prefix for long-distance calls. Italy is another unique case in that they don't have a national trunk prefix, but they DO use 0 as the beginning of the area code, which can confuse people.

Trunk prefixes are NOT used outside of the country. Continuing my earlier example, dialling that same London, UK phone number from the US would start with my international call prefix (011), then the UK country code (44), the London area code (20), and finally the subscriber number (3456 7890), resulting in 011442034567890.  If that US person tried to insert the UK national call prefix in the number (0114402034567890), it would fail to connect because trunk prefixes are not used outside the home country.

Now, the UK user shouldn't be expected to know the international trunk prefix for countries other than his own, so when presenting their number on business cards, web pages or emails, they should use the internationally recognized standard for phone number presentation, which is (DRUMROLL)......E.164!!!!  Regular readers of my blog and anyone who knows Lync/Skype for Business should be intimately familiar with E.164 formatted numbers.  If you need a refresher, look back at http://googledoodlenewstoday.blogspot.com /2010/12/enterprise-voice-best-practices-in-lync.html" target="_blank">a very old (from 2010!), but still useful blog post on the subject.

The UK user should present their number like this:

+44 20 3456 7890

However, in many cases the UK user presents their number with the trunk prefix, like this:

+44 (0) 20 3456 7890

or

+44 (0) 203 456 7890

People within the UK understand what the (0) represents, but people outside the UK would assume the 0 is part of the phone number and try to dial it as shown, resulting in call failure. This particular practice is very common in the UK, France and to a lesser extent, Australia. There are likely others (please let me know). Below are some screenshots from various webpages from GLOBAL companies that exhibit this problem:

Astra Zeneca

BAE Systems

Rolls Royce

Since this blog sadly only reaches a very small percentage of the world's population, there's no way I can expect everyone to get their act together and format their phone numbers properly.  Others have ranted about this exact practice before, and it hasn't seemed to help.

As you may be aware, when you're using Internet Explorer with the Skype for Business/Lync client plug-in, many phone numbers on web pages can be directly dialled by clicking the wee little Skype/Lync icon beside the phone number on the right.  You can see this on the Astra Zeneca and Rolls Royce page samples above. You can click those icons, and it will dial the phone number as its presented on the page.  Clicking the number for Astra Zeneca's media department will give you this:

This is not going to work for anybody, since the trunk prefix 0 will be dialled as part of the number and will fail. You might be thinking that you could write a normalization rule that could deal with this, but Lync/Skype for Business will not normalize a number that has a + in front, because it assumes that any number starting with a + is already normalized.  No matter what you do, a phone number that already has the + can't be modified at the source.

If you're anywhere other than the UK, your international routes probably aren't so strict that it would "know" that putting the UK trunk prefix in the number is wrong, so Lync/SfB will happily send the call on through, only to get dumped by your PSTN carrier as an invalid number.

What you CAN do, is create a trunk translation rule that will catch any instances where a 0 is immediately after the country code and strip it before sending it to the PSTN.  There are only a few countries where 0 is actually a part of the phone number (land line numbers in Italy and mobile numbers in the Republic of the Congo), so the regular expression we create can deal with this.

The below rule should work nicely:

Pattern: ^\+(1|7|2[07]|3[0-46]|39\d|4[013-9]|5[1-8]|6[0-6]|8[1246]|9[0-58]|2[1235689]\d|24[013-9]|242\d|3[578]\d|42|5[09]\d|6[789]\d|8[035789]\d|9[679]\d)(?:0)?(\d{6,14})(;ext=\d+)?$

Translation: +$1$2

The first part of the expression with all the digits is the regex for every possible country code in the world. The (?:0) means that if 0 is present immediately after the country code, it will be dropped. Then we accept anything from 6 to 14 other digits.  We separate out Italy (39\d), Republic of the Congo (242\d) to allow for 0 in the cases where they are allowed in those countries.

If you are located in a country that is guilty of the crime of not using E.164 formatted numbers everywhere (I'm looking at you, United Kingdom), then there is the additional step of modifying the appropriate voice routes to allow for numbers coming through the system with a 0 in the wrong spot.  Using UK's national route as an example:

Old route pattern: ^\+44(1[1-9]\d{7,8}|2[03489]\d{8}|3[0347]\d{8}|5[56]\d{8}|8((4[2-5]|70)\d{7}|45464\d))$
New route pattern: ^\+440?(1[1-9]\d{7,8}|2[03489]\d{8}|3[0347]\d{8}|5[56]\d{8}|8((4[2-5]|70)\d{7}|45464\d))$

Note the presence of the 0? after the +44, which indicates that 0 may or may not be present for the route pattern to match. As of right now, the Optimizer will create modified routes only for countries that I'm aware of that flaunt the E.164 rules on a regular basis:

• UK
• France
• Australia

If there are others, please let me know, either directly or via blog comments.

All the above logic has been incorporated into the Lync/Skype4B Dialing Rule Optimizer, so if you are using that tool for creating your EV dialplans/routing, then you'll be covered.

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